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Table of Contents: Hostile Influence Campaigns State Actors Russia The Role of the Social Design Agency in Spreading Disinformation The War in Ukraine Disinformation Surrounding Russia’s Continued Attacks on Ukraine Russian Disinformation Targeting Canada and Ukraine China Disinformation on the Platform RedNote ahead of Australia’s 2025 election Graphika Highlights Coordinated Disinformation by Pro-China Network Chinese Malinformation in Okinawa AI Related Articles The Growing Threat of Deepfakes Deepfake Trump Audio Spreads Widely General Reports Disinformation Campaign on U.S. Biological Experiments in Armenia Foreign Influence Operations Targeting U.S. Corporations Intensify Anti-Israeli Disinformation on Wikipedia The Rise of Disinformation and Its Impact on Journalism in Brazil Appendix - Frameworks to Counter Disinformation The EEAS Efforts to Combat Disinformation

Table of Contents: Hostile Influence Campaigns State Actors Russia Russian Disinformation and Election Interference in Eastern Europe The War in Ukraine Russian Disinformation Campaign Targets Incoming Prime Minister Mark Carney China China Accuses Australian Think Tank of Spreading U.S.-Funded Disinformation China Imposes AI Content Labeling to Combat Disinformation AI Related Articles CrowdStrike Global Threat Report 2025 General Reports The Pravda Network and the Embedding of Disinformation in Public Platforms Decentralized Social Media Faces Disinformation Syria: Multi-Level Disinformation in a Fragmented Conflict Foreign Disinformation in the Pacific Hacktivist Groups Exploit Disinformation for Cyber Attack Appendix - Frameworks to Counter Disinformation NewsGuard Launches Service to Shield AI from Foreign Disinformation Misinformation Training and Its Effectiveness in Countering Disinformation

Index Hostile Influence Campaigns State Actors Russia Russian Disinformation: Allegations of U.S. Bioweapon Labs in Kazakhstan Moscow’s Pravda Network Manipulates AI to Spread Disinformation Kremlin Disinformation Targets Canada-US Relations Pro-Russian Telegram Network Spreads AI-Driven Disinformation in Moldova The War in Ukraine Study Examines Russia’s Disinformation Tactics in the Ukraine War Kremlin’s Disinformation Campaign Against Ukraine’s President Zelenskyy AI Related Articles Graphika Reveals How Online Communities Create Dangerous AI Personas General Reports CISA Funding Cuts Could Leave Elections More Vulnerable The Growing Threat of AI-Enabled Disinformation

Index Hostile Influence Campaigns State Actors Russia France Withdraws from Sahel as Russian Influence Rises Russian AI-Powered Disinformation Campaigns Spread Across Social Media The War in Ukraine Kremlin’s Disinformation Tactics During the War Russia Exploits Nuclear Fears to Spread Disinformation on Ukraine China Foreign Influence in South Korea: Yoon’s Warnings on China’s Role AI Related Articles Analysis of AI Chatbots and Disinformation Risks OpenAI Highlights Evolving Threats in Influence Campaigns General Reports Fact-Checking Challenges in Indonesia

Index Hostile Influence Campaigns Social Media Platforms X Elon Musk’s Disinformation on X State Actors Russia Disinformation: Lavrov Accuses Western Countries of Neocolonialism The War in Ukraine The Evolution of Disinformation in the Russia-Ukraine War AI Related Articles AI in Right-Wing Disinformation Campaigns U.S. Signals Shift from AI Safety to Deregulation General Reports Trump’s False Ukraine Claims Follow Russian Disinformation Patterns Disinformation in Germany’s 2025 Election Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service Public Report 2025 Philippines 2025 Elections: Marcos-Duterte Feud Drives Digital Misinformation Appendix - Frameworks to Counter Disinformation Deepfakes and Disinformation: Legal Approaches to Combat AI-Driven Deception Commission Tightens Disinformation Rules in the Digital Services Act (DSA)

Index Hostile Influence Campaigns Social Media Platforms X  EU Investigates X for Disinformation and Election Interference State Actors Russia Disinformation Targeting the 2025 German Federal Elections The War in Ukraine Propaganda Fuels False Economic Narratives in Russia Russian Disinformation Targets Germany with False Zelensky Claims General Reports Disinformation Officials at CISA Placed on Administrative Leave Disinformation Campaigns Ahead of Germany Federal Elections Disinformation: No USAID Funding for Politico or Jeffrey Epstein Vance Criticizes European Censorship While Downplaying Russian Disinformation Taiwan Uses AI to Counter Rising Chinese Disinformation Campaigns U.S. Aid Freeze Weakens Europe’s Defense Against Russian Disinformation Appendix - Frameworks to Counter Disinformation Integration of the Code of Practice on Disinformation into the Digital Services Act EEAS Job, Methods, and Approach

Index Hostile Influence Campaigns Social Media Platforms Meta Meta’s Policy Shift Disrupts Media Balance X Musk Spreads Debunked COVID-19 Claims on USAID Tiktok Disinformation Risks Linked to TikTok’s Algorithmic Bias TikTok’s Role in Spreading Harmful Narratives in Hungary State Actors Russia Disinformation Concerning the Fights in Congo Russian Disinformation Operation Doppelgänger Expands to Bluesky Russian Disinformation Amplifies Hybrid Attacks in the EU Kremlin’s Disinformation Campaigns Surround Putin-Trump Summit The War in Ukraine AI-Generated Pictures Amplify Russian Propaganda Russian Disinformation Campaign Using Deepfakes to Target Ukrainian Refugees Russia’s Disinformation Campaign Spread Through Social Media AI Related Articles Disinformation Through Deepfakes Targeting Journalists Higher Misinformation Rates in Russian and Chinese Responses from AI Chatbots Google Report: AI Fuels Misinformation General Reports The Impact of Climate Disinformation and Its Dangers Appendix - Frameworks to Counter Disinformation Online Safety Regulation and the Disinformation Dilemma on Social Media

Index Hostile Influence Campaigns State Actors Russia Russian Disinformation Campaigns Targeting Poland Kremlin's Disinformation Tactics Kremlin's Information Influence Operations in Africa The War in Ukraine Russian Disinformation on Ukrainian Organ Harvesting Manipulating History: Russia’s Disinformation Disinformation Framing: Russia’s False Peace Narrative China Chinese State-Linked Influence Operations DeepSeek Chatbot Amplifies Disinformation in Favor of the Chinese Government Chinese Disinformation Campaigns on X AI Related Articles Deepfake Disinformation Threatens Elections General Reports Cybersecurity Trends and Disinformation in 2024 Disinformation in Ethiopia Mapping Disinformation: Visual Assessment of CIB Disinformation Spread After Crash Near U.S. Capitol Climate Disinformation Challenges in the MENA Region

Index Hostile Influence Campaigns Social Media Platforms Meta NewsGuard Highlights Ineffectiveness of Meta’s Fact-Checking Program State Actors Russia Pro-Kremlin Disinformation Campaign Targets German Elections Russian Disinformation Amplified by Irish Influencer Chay Bowes The War in Ukraine Lavrov repeated Disinformation on NATO and Ukraine False Claims About Ukraine’s Funds Used for U.S. Mansions Disinformation: EU Commissioner’s Words Taken Out of Context Russian Deepfakes Targeting Ukrainian Refugees The War in Gaza Disinformation Surrounding the Israel-Hamas Conflict AI Related Articles AI and Climate Misinformation: The Risk of Skewed Narratives General Reports The Impact of Social Media Algorithms on Disinformation Appendix - Frameworks to Counter Disinformation EU’s Efforts to Combat Hate Speech and Disinformation Online

Index Hostile Influence Campaigns Social Media Platforms Meta Brazil’s Response to Meta’s Decision on Content Moderation Misinformation Risks Rise as Meta Scales Back Fact-Checking X Researchers Leave Platform Over Amplified Disinformation Telegram The Terrorgram Collective Designated as a Transnational Terrorist Group State Actors Russia Disinformation and Destabilization: Russia Accused of Targeting Polish Politics Moscow Relies on Disinformation Amid Economic Challenges Russian State-Sponsored Disinformation Campaign Using Meta The War in Ukraine Russian Disinformation Campaign Targets U.S. Wildfires and Ukraine General Reports December 2024 AI Misinformation Monitor of Leading AI Chatbots Disinformation Spreads Amid Los Angeles Wildfires Appendix - Frameworks to Counter Disinformation Combatting Disinformation Through Media Literacy in Kenya A Guide to Combat Disinformation New Tool Detects Fake News with 99% Accuracy

Index Hostile Influence Campaigns Social Media Platforms Meta Meta Makes a Shift in Content Moderation Meta’s Decision to End Fact-Checking Sparks Global Concerns Meta's New Policy Might be a Disinformation Threat Meta’s Fact-Checking Policy Change Raises Concerns in the Pacific Region X Parody Account Labels Deployed by X to Combat Misinformation State Actors Russia Russian SORM Export: Privacy, Data, and Disinformation Risks Pro-Russian Disinformation Campaign in Croatia's Presidential Run-Off Pro-Kremlin Influence Spreads into Radical and Conspiracy Communities The War in Ukraine Fake Video Claims Ukraine’s Involvement in Trump Assassination Plot Disinformation: Putin’s Speech Blames Ukraine and the “Collective West" The War in Gaza Investigation Reveals Underreporting in Gaza Conflict AI Related Articles Measuring the Impact of GenAI on Disinformation General Reports Musk’s Evidence-Free Accusations Target Prime Minister Starmer Disinformation and Panic Over HMPV in China and Parts of Asia John Mark Dougan is NewsGuard’s 2024 “Disinformer of the Year” Cybersecurity Challenges in 2025 Statistical Manipulation and Disinformation Tactics Conservatives Blame DEI and Environmental Policies for California Wildfires Musk and Weidel Push Far-Right Disinformation During Election Period Political Conflict Amid Misinformation About the California Fires Meta’s Withdrawal Impacts Small Outlets, Developing Countries Disinformation Landscape in Slovenia Russian Influence and Disinformation Challenges in Estonia Disinformation About the New Orleans Attack Militaries Restrict Filming to Control Narratives in Conflicts Appendix - Frameworks to Counter Disinformation A New Model to Ensure Safer Use of AI Microsoft Takes Legal Action Against AI Disinformation Disinformation and Deepfakes in Elections: Legal Responses and Challenges

Index Hostile Influence Campaigns Social Media Platforms Telegram EU Sanctions Target Kremlin Media for Spreading Disinformation State Actors Russia Disinformation Campaign Against Poland Ahead of EU Presidency Russia Boosts Disinformation in Syria The War in Ukraine Disinformation on the Rivne Nuclear Power Plant Attack Disinformation War Deepens as Kursk Conflict Escalates China Concerns Over China’s Interference in South Korea The War in Ukraine  Russia Utilizes General’s Death to Spread Disinformation General Reports Disinformation challenges in 2024 Disinformation and Threats to Judicial Independence Elon Musk Spreads Disinformation in the UK Appendix - Frameworks to Counter Disinformation U.S. Sanctions Target Foreign Disinformation Campaigns Using Google Techniques for Fact-Checking and Disinformation Verification Myanmar Enacted a New Cybersecurity Law